antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon in which antibiotic used to treat bacteria becomes useless due to resistance mechanism. increased drug resistance and occurrence of multiple drug resistance in bacteria specificity nosocomial and urinary tract infection bacteria has reduced the possibilities of treating these infectious diseases. efflux pumps are one of the major mechanism of mdr in bacteri...

Peristaltic pumps are mechanical displacement pumps that induce flow in a fluid-filled, flexiblewalled conduit through peristalsis – transport due to traveling contraction waves. While macroscale peristaltic pumps appear in a variety of configurations, micropumps based on this principle almost exclusively use the sequenced contraction and expansion of a small number of discrete actuators – typi...

We have developed a generalized profile that identifies members of the root-nodulation-cell-division (RND) family of efflux pumps and classifies them into four functional subfamilies. According to Z-score values, efflux pumps can be grouped by their metabolic function, thus making it possible to distinguish pumps involved in antibiotic resistance (group 1) from those involved in metal resistanc...

The potential use of intraosseous (IO) infusions for adults was first examined 80 years ago. Until very recently, this procedure was most commonly considered a rescue technique for pediatric patients, and then only after all else had failed. However, the use of IO access is making a comeback! Once again, it is being recognized as a valuable adjunct to adult, as well as pediatric, fluid and medi...

The wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is a device that is supposed to operate like a real kidney, which permits prolonged, frequent, and continuous dialysis treatments for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Its functioning is mainly related to its pumping system, as well as to its dialysate-generating and alarm/shutoff ones. A pump is defined as a device that moves fluids by mechanica...