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There has long been need for a behavioural intervention that attenuates cue-evoked drug-seeking, but the optimal method remains obscure. To address this, we report three approaches to extinguish cue-evoked drug-seeking measured in a Pavlovian to instrumental transfer design, in non-treatment seeking adult smokers and alcohol drinkers. The results showed that the ability of a drug stimulus to tr...

this study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the persian version of simons and gaher's distress tolerance scale(dts) by administering it to nicotine dependent students of tehran university.in a descriptive cross-sectional study, 317 nicotine dependent students of tehran university who were selected, using available sampling method, completed dts, coping with stress- revised(cs-r), ...

the internet is a widely recognized channel for information exchange, academic research, entertainment, communication and commerce. the internet is a new tool that is evolving into an essential part of everyday life all over the world and its use increases especially among young people. although the positive aspects of the internet have been readily praised, there is a growing amount of literat...

background: test anxiety aggravates psychological distress and reduces the motivation among graduate students. this study aimed to identify psychological intervention for test anxiety, which reduces the level of psychological distress, amotivation and increases the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among medical students. materials and methods: westside test anxiety scale, kessler perceived st...

There is conflicting evidence regarding the association of hypertension with psychological distress, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. The association may be because of a direct effect of the raised blood pressure, adverse effects of treatment, or the consequences of labeling. In a representative study of 33 105 adults (aged 51.7 12.1 years; 45.8% men), we measured levels of psychologica...

The differences in behavioral effects between interval and ratio reinforcement have been pointed out by several investigators (1, 6, 9, 15), and reveal themselves most clearly in comparisons of over-all response rates, temporal patterns of cumulative-response curves, and subsequent extinction responding. In view of the different procedures followed by the experimenter and these contrasting beha...