The transforming (onc) genes of oncogenic retroviruses share most or all of their coding sequences with normal cellular genes termed proto-onc genes. The viral genes differ from proto-onc genes in virus-specific promoters and in various point mutations and substitutions of cell-derived coding regions. In view of the structural similarities between viral oncogenes and cellular proto-onc genes, t...

The oncogene hypothesis postulates that mutated cellular genes, termed proto-onc genes, function as cancer genes because they are related to retroviral onc genes. However, in contrast to retroviral onc genes, mutated proto-onc genes from cancers are not sufficient for carcinogenesis. Therefore, it has been proposed that mutated proto-onc genes depend on other proto-onc genes for carcinogenesis....

The relationship between Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX) signals and plant's tolerance to cold stress is investigated. Arabidopsis seedlings grown for 3 weeks were pretreated with 2 mM glutamate (Glu) and 2 mM MgCl2 for 48 h at room temperature to induce Mg-Proto IX accumulation. Then cold stress was performed at 4°C for additional 72 h. Glu + MgCl2 pre-treatments alleviated the subsequent c...

MeduIIary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) occurs both sporadically and in the autosomal dominantly inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes. The distinction between true sporadic MTC and a new mutation familial case is important for future clinical management of both the patient and family. The susceptibility gene for hereditary MTC is the RET proto-oncogene. DNA analysis for g...

It is often claimed that Kripke (1980) and Putnam (1975) established that many predicates, most importantly natural kind predicates, are like proper names in being rigid designators. This insight is generally regarded as having important consequences in the theory of necessary truths: the rigidity of terms such as 'Hesperus', 'Phosphorus', 'water' and 'H 2 O' is used in explaining why identity ...

This paper puts forward a new division of the history Germanic languages, taking into account existence three different historical periods (prehistoric, proto-historic, and literary) in development from Common or Proto-Germanic to modern analogously Romance Romanic languages Vulgar Latin (also called Proto-Romanic Proto-Romance), which stages can be retraced: (prehistoric), (proto-historic) lit...

The article deals with the original Eastern Romance vocabulary recorded in dialects of Ukrainian language and its proto-forms, as well examines formation semantics borrowings from Proto-Indo- European period to present. To achieve goal, author compiles a corpus words presented dialects, determines their Indo- European, Italic Latin corrects those them indicated etymological literature, establis...