Background: Around one out of two mothers give births by cesarean section (CS) surgery in Iran and about half of this number is due to previous CS. Recently Health Sector Evolution (HSEP) program (started in April 2014) targets the high rate of CS in Iran. To assess the impact of the interventions, we emphasized that the First Birth Cesarean (FBC) proportion is one of the main indicators to ass...

Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is one of the most important but equally most neglected tropical infections. It is caused by a protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of a tsetse fly (Glossina spp). Patchy distribution of the various vector species confines the disease to some 200 microfoci in sub-Saharan Africa (fig 1). The disease had ...

Research in diagnostic radiology often aims to establish the safety and the accuracy of a new procedure or to compare it with other procedures. Frequently, the diagnostic performance of a test can be summarized by proportions such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Safety may be reflected by the proportion of patients experiencing unpleasant or adverse effects. The confidence interval i...

This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in HESS if available. Abstract This paper revisits the tangent expression for the slope gradient (tan β) used in the general flow-partition function in multiple-flow-direction (MFD) algorithms. The deduction of the flow-partition function perfo...

Adaptation is a ubiquitous feature in biological sensory and signaling networks. It has been suggested that adaptive systems may follow certain simple design principles across diverse organisms, cells and pathways. One class of networks that can achieve adaptation utilizes an incoherent feedforward control, in which two parallel signaling branches exert opposite but proportional effects on the ...

Introduction The One-Sample Proportion Test is used to assess whether a population proportion (P1) is significantly different from a hypothesized value (P0). This is called the hypothesis of inequality. The hypotheses may be stated in terms of the proportions, their difference, their ratio, or their odds ratio, but all four hypotheses result in the same test statistics. For example, suppose tha...