desertification is specific phenomenon of arid, semi-arid, dry sub humid regions. this phenomenon has a high rate in developing countries such as iran. the main objective of this research was calibration of imdpa model in abuzeidabad (kashan) region with emphasis on land criteria. imdpa model, introduced by iranian researchers to assess desertification intensity in iran. before application, the...

We model a firm’s decisions about product innovation, focusing on the extent to which features should be improved or changed in the succession of models that comprise a life cycle. We show that the structure of revenues and costs can suggest when a firm should pursue radical rather than incremental innovation. We use the criterion of maximizing the expected present value of profits during the l...

The cost-benefit analysis of a project or program uses the net social benefits (NSB) criterion for evaluation purposes, where NSB equals social benefits (B) less social costs (C). Efficient social choices involve the selection of those projects for which net social benefits are highest. The maximisation of net social benefits is the public sector equivalent to the maximisation of profits in the...

This paper investigates a risk-averse inventory model by balancing the expected profit and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) in a newsvendor model setting. We find out that: i) The optimal order quantity is increasing in the shortage cost for both the CVaR only criterion and the tradeoff objective. ii) For the case of zero shortage cost, the optimal order quantity to the CVaR criterion or tradeo...

For the problem of selecting p items with uncertain (interval) objective function coefficients so as to maximize total profit (maximization over uniform matroid) we introduce the r-restricted robust deviation criterion or the r-robust solution for short. We seek solutions that minimize the r-restricted robust deviation. This new criterion increases the modeling power of the robust deviation (mi...

While profit maximization is one important objective in this decision domain, other objectives are important as well. This paper discusses multiple criteria and their respective objectives in construction bidding, and presents a bidding framework which recommends a pairwise comparison procedure to generate criterion weights and a linear transformation procedure to calculate relative scores for ...

Profit Sharing and Training We analyze the impact of profit sharing on the share of workers receiving training. An effect is plausible because: 1) profit sharing is a credible commitment by firms to reward firmspecific skills acquired by formal or informal training, 2) profit sharing may reduce turnover and increase the returns to training, 3) a common payment for the whole workforce leads to p...

When stimulus intensity in simple reaction-time tasks randomly varies across trials, detection speed usually improves after a low-intensity trial. With auditory stimuli, this improvement was often found to be asymmetric, being greater on current low-intensity trials. Our study investigated (1) whether asymmetric sequential intensity adaptation also occurs with visual stimuli; (2) whether these ...