In this issue of the British Journal of Anaesthesia, Sury and colleagues present extensive audit data derived from a survey of anaesthetic departments in the UK, with the general aim of characterizing current National Health Service (NHS) anaesthetic activity. A more specific aim was to provide a context for the release of the upcoming 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) in which the incidence an...

In this paper, we define the generalization problem, summarize various approaches in generalization, identify the credit assignment problem, and present the problem and some solutions in measuring generalizability. We discuss anomalies in the ordering of hypotheses in a subdomain when performance is normalized and averaged, and show conditions under which anomalies can be eliminated. To general...

one of the most functional reasons in the methodology of islamic principles and jurisprudence as well as law is istiṣḥāb (presumption of continuity). istiṣḥāb is judgment on the continuity of what has existed in the past. most of the legal theoreticians, after waḥīd bihbahānī, believe that istiṣḥāb is a practical principle; however, further research into the evidences for the validity of istiṣḥ...

When assessing causal effects, determining the target population to which results are intended generalize is a critical decision. Randomized and observational studies each have strengths limitations for estimating effects in population. Estimates from randomized data may internal validity but often not representative of Observational better reflect population, hence be more likely external vali...

The big data imposes the key problem of generalizability of the results. In the present contribution, we discuss statistical tools which can help to select variables adequate for target level of abstraction. We show that a model considered as over-fitted in one context can be accurate in another. We illustrate this notion with an example analysis experiment on the data from 13 university Massiv...

Generalizability (G) theory is a statistical theory for evaluating the dependability (or reliability) of behavioral measurements (Cronbach, Gleser, Nanda, & Rajaratnam, 1972; see also Brennan, 2001; Shavelson & Webb, 1991). G theory permits the researcher to address such questions as: Is the sampling of tasks or judges the major source of measurement error? Can I improve the reliability of the ...