The work of science teachers can be viewed from a variety of perspectives. In this article, teaching is seen as an activity in which teachers deliberate in the practical domain to decide on actions and goals. In the first part of the article, it is argued that, because practical reasoning is similar to scientific reasoning, a model of practical conceptual change can be developed that is analogo...

When are you in a position to rely on p practical reasoning? Existing accounts say that must know p, or be justified believing justifiably believe it, and so on. This paper argues all of these proposals face important problems, which I call the Problems Negative Bootstrapping Level Confusions. offer diagnosis argue an adequate epistemic norm transparent following sense: According any norm, cons...

Abstract According to a suggestion by Williamson (Knowledge and its limits, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 99), outright belief comes in degrees: one has high/low degree of iff is willing rely on the content one’s high/low-stakes practical reasoning. This paper develops an epistemic norm for degrees so construed. Starting from assumption that aims at knowledge, it argued aim various levels s...