From a safety and security point of view, the electrical energy distribution infrastructure needs to be protected.. In this paper solutions to increase the safety aspects of substation components, power lines and power transformers are discussed. Also security solutions related to perimeter intrusion detection in substations and remote surveillance of power transformer installations are introdu...

With the development of substation automation technology, unmanned substation operation mode has become a trend, at present, many substations to achieve the "remote viewing" function, will be the scene of the substation, the equipment state to video image transmission to the remote control center (set control station). And scheduling center (set control station) on live video equipment to contr...

This paper reports on the development of integrated protection for power system. The background of the development is firstly introduced, in which a centralized protection system (or relay) provides the protection of multiple power plant or a substation. A novel integrated protection scheme for distribution system based on overcurrent protection technique is described. In the proposed scheme, s...

Phasor measurement Being able to determine phasors across the power system at a fixed point in time has the potential to solve these problems. One of the key components of future utility systems will therefore be Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). PMUs rely on a GPS time signal for extremely accurate time-stamping of the power system information. A GPS satellite receiver (see box on page 60) prov...

Automation is “the application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings, or increasingly, to tasks that would otherwise be impossible”, Encyclopaedia Britannica [1]. The term automation itself was coined in the 1940s at the Ford Motor Company. The idea of automating processes and systems started many years earlier than this as part of the agricultural and industrial revolutions of th...

In recent years, significant research efforts have been devoted to the optimal planning of power systems. Substation Expansion Planning (SEP) as a sub-system of power system planning consists of finding the most economical solution with the optimal location and size of future substations and/or feeders to meet the future load demand. The large number of design variables and combination of discr...

In recent years, significant research efforts have been devoted to the optimal planning of power systems. Substation Expansion Planning (SEP) as a sub-system of power system planning consists of finding the most economical solution with the optimal location and size of future substations and/or feeders to meet the future demand. The large number of design variables, and combination of discrete ...

Due to the important increase of the power of electrical transmission and distribution grids expected for the following years, especially in developing countries such as Kenya, Brazil, Philippines or Mexico among others, that have planes of generating energy from clean sources far away from the centres of consumption [1] it becomes a matter of special importance adapting and developing new subs...

Successful operation of entire power system depends to a considerable extent on efficient and satisfactory performance of substations. Hence substations in general can be considered as heart of overall power system. In any substation, a well designed grounding plays an important role. Since absence of safe and effective grounding system can result in mal-operation or non-operation of control an...