the formation of renal and urinary calculi is not due to a single cause but occurs as a multifactor entity, by which some of them still are unknown. three theories of stones formation including nucleation, stone matrix and inhibition of crystallization do not accuse water hardness as a main cause of the formation of urinary calculi 120 patients suffering from renal and urinary calculi and the s...

Mobile phone based potable water quality assessment device is developed to analyze and study water pollution level at Indus river. Indus river is habitat of endangered Indus river dolphin and water pollution is one of major causes of survivability threats for this specie. We tested device performance at the six locations of Lahore canal. pH of canal water deviates from the normal range of the i...

Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater as well as the sizing of rainwater tanks in houses in some cities in the world. Daily rainfall data for thirteen cities located in different countries were used. Different catchment areas, number of residents, potable and rainwater demands were considered in order to assess their impact...

UNLABELLED Power toothbrushes (PTBs), in combination with abrasive dentifrices, may encourage wear of dental cements at crown margins. PURPOSE This study's purpose was to determine the effect chemical cleaning had on the microbial quality of water emitted from dental unit waterlines (DUWL), 3-way syringes, and power scalers. METHODS Ten randomly selected dental units with attached self-cont...

the aim of this study is to investigate the nitrate adsorption on granular ferric hydroxide (gfh). the effect of factors such as initial concentration of nitrate, ph, contact time, and adsorbent mass were determined. the study was done in laboratory–scale in which synthetic nitrate solutions in a batch reactor were placed in contact with the adsorbent to model adsorption kinetics. it was found ...

A methodology is proposed for assessing the risk to produce non-compliant potable water, taking into account the quality of the raw water, as well as characteristics of the treatment unit and different failure modes. Belief functions are used to describe expert knowledge of treatment process efficiency, failure rates, latency times and raw water quality. Evidential reasoning provides mechanisms...

The occurrence of extreme events can challenge the capacity of water utilities to deliver potable water of sufficient quality with respect to minimising health risks to consumers. As a consequence, proactive risk-assessment and decision support tools are necessary to assist in managing and mitigating such critical events effectively. However, the utility of these tools can be limited due to the...