Routledge Introductions to Applied Linguistics is a series of introductory level textbooks covering the core topics in Applied Linguistics, primarily designed for those entering postgraduate studies and language professionals returning to academic study. The books take an innovative “practice to theory” approach, with a ‘back-to-front’ structure. This leads the reader from real-world problems a...

there have been many theories and paradigms trying to provideanswers to the challenge of the best method. after the rise of manycolorful language teaching methods, in postmethod era, it waspostulated that there is no magic formula to teach a foreign languagebut that a localized methodology based on learners and teachers’ experiencewill have suitable results. in this article, after investigating...

fn thN paper Jve pre,ren( [he short-term re[iabdi~ assessment problem os a risk mormgement problem, ~t,here the uncer[amry involved IS rela(ed with [ransousslon outages and [he consequences are tneusored by the dejtctt experanented b) ioads T>vo new rnethodf are formulated and vnplemented m an academic lest system First, v e formulate the short-term re[labdl~ related twks associated wIih the po...