BACKGROUND To assess the effect of policies supporting local medicine production to improve access to medicines. METHODS We adapted the WHO/HAI instruments measuring medicines availability and prices to differentiate local from imported products, then pilot tested in Ethiopia and Tanzania. In each outlet, prices were recorded for all products in stock for medicines on a country-specific list....

In this paper, we propose a framework to study reenement of abstract machines in the B-method. It allows us to properly deal with shared variables, possibly introduced by composition primitives sees and imports. We exhibit local conditions on components which are suucient to ensure global correctness of a software system. Finally, we show how restrictions on the architecture of software systems...

1 N. Maffulli, MD, MS, PhD, FRCS Orth, Professor Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Keele University School of Medicine, North Staffordshire Hospital, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK. D. Kader, FRCS, Specialist Registrar Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD,...

In a recent article in this journal our unit was accused of a number of errors of judgment in applying covert video surveillance (CVS) to infants and children suspected of life-threatening abuse. The article implied, that on moving from the Royal Brompton Hospital in London to North Staffordshire Hospital, we failed to present our work to the Research Ethics Committee (REC). We did send our pro...

Attempts are made to provide a theoretical justification for using the gravity model in the analysis of bilateral trade and apply the generalized gravity model to analyse the Bangladesh’s trade with its major trading partners using the panel data estimation technique. We have estimated the gravity model of trade (sum of exports and imports), the gravity model of export and the gravity model of ...

one of the main principles of resistance economy, is to support domestic production and limiting imports, especially in sectors where there is the possibility of import-substituting production .this requires adjustment of exact trade policies,and to achieve this, identifying the structure of imports demand function and also price and income elasticity of import demand is necessary.this necessit...