Most work on computation deals with its structural aspects—what it is composed of, how the individual elements work in isolation and how they are connected to one another, how best they can be implemented by a physical systems, etc.—in sum, it concerns itself with a proximate account of computation’s mechanisms. We argue that, though that kind of work is of course indispensable, computation can...

The present study investigated how learners use feedback information on their test results. We also examined the effects of the type of feedback and learners’ achievement goals on the manner in which feedback information was reviewed. In an experimental study (N = 42 undergraduate and graduate students), we tracked eye movements of the participants while they took a critical thinking test and r...

Recent research has established the potential for virtual characters to establish rapport with humans through simple contingent nonverbal behaviors. We hypothesized that the contingency, not just the frequency of positive feedback is crucial when it comes to creating rapport. The primary goal in this study was evaluative: can an agent generate behavior that engenders feelings of rapport in huma...

We run a series of controlled field experiments on eBay where buyers are rewarded for providing feedback. Our results suggest that the feedback rate increases when a rebate is given, though the effect is small. Moreover, the nature of buyer feedback is influenced by rewards: buyers are more likely to give positive feedback following a high-quality transaction (fast shipping) and less likely to ...

We consider left-invariant control affine systems evolving on Lie groups. In this context, feedback equivalence specializes to detached feedback equivalence. We characterize (local) detached feedback equivalence in a simple algebraic manner. We then classify all (full-rank) systems evolving on three-dimensional Lie groups. A representative is identified for each equivalence class. Systems on th...

normative feedback is a kind of feedback which involves information about an individual's performance in comparison with other peers unrealistically (positive or negative). the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of normative feedback on throwing aiming task learning in children aged between 9 and 11 in ahvaz city. for this purpose, 90 right-handed children were selected w...

This study examines the role of surface geomorphic features in tree establishment at the alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, through the presentation of a multiscale, conceptual model of biogeomorphic relationships at alpine treeline. Empirical observations gathered through a multiscale field methodology over three summers serve as a base for the model. The model highlights the i...

This article discusses why it is so hard for people to benefit from negative feedback. We examine factors involved in the effective use of negative feedback. Our analysis suggests that the main obstacles to the effective use of negative feedback stem from the failure to obtain it and the failure to conduct an accurate appraisal of it. This is in contrast to research indicating that the main obs...

This study investigated the effectiveness of different types of feedback content (elaborate vs. global) and feedback timing (immediate vs. delayed) for learning about genetics in a webbased learning environment as a function of learners’ prior knowledge. It was hypothesized that learning outcomes of students with low prior knowledge would be fostered by immediate elaborate feedback, whereas tho...