The present paper aims for the most part to prove the fact that religious and spiritual places and above all, mosques play major roles within Islamic urban areas. They are in fact the basis of civil infrastructures. A historical analysis focusing on where mosques stand in Islamic urban areas reveals that mosques have always been the center of development and growth and that they must be studied...

nowadays centeral asia consists of five following independent republics: kazakhstan, kirghizia, uzbekistan, turkmenistan and tajikstan. this part of the world enjoys an extraordinary situation and natural resources and in the ancient times has been the route of silk road. the muslims in this region caused important changes and while making the scientific centers, established many mosques and en...

iran is located in an area with high earthquake risk. there are over 20 active faults with length of 500 km and also densely populated parts of the country have been rendered vulnerable to strong earthquakes. however, existence of eight faults of the main faults of iran along with at least 18 faults with length of more than 100 km in kerman province have turned the place into one of the riskies...

Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure is high among UK Bangladeshi and Pakistani populations, reflecting higher male smoking prevalence and fewer home smoking restrictions than the general population. The Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke (MCLASS) study explored the feasibility and acceptability of implementing SHS education in 14 UK mosques. Religious teachers (RTs) in seven inter...

Religious place attachment is an affective bond that develops between people and their religious settings. The published literature shows that although religion has a significant impact on the public ‘place attachment’, the architectural features and attributes of the places could still play an influencing role in strengthening this attachment. However, the role of architectural characteristics...