Participants Avatar Animated characters that are graphical representation of people (Davis, et al. 2009) Animated characters Avatar Virtual world(s) (VW(s)) An electronic environment that visually mimics complex physical spaces, where people can interact with each other and with virtual objects, and where people are represented by animated characters (Bainbridge 2007, p. 472) Digital world, soc...

The transportation phenomena, as a manifestation of the complex human, social, economic, and political interactions, are filled with uncertainties. In order for the analysis of transportation to be scientifically credible, uncertainty must be accounted for properly. Traditionally, probability theory has been used as the only paradigm for dealing with uncertainty without much thought being given...

The rapid aging of many Western societies has compelled policymakers and professionals to develop concepts, programs, and services to meet the complex and diverse needs of their elderly populations, in particular the segment of older persons who are frail, chronically ill, and functionally disabled. Aging-in-place has become a key and guiding strategy in addressing and meeting the needs of olde...

I n every modern society, the education' of its citizens, young and old, is a major concern. In some developing countries, the educational activities of the government consume as much as a third of the national budget. In the· United States today, it is estimated that educational activities require at least a hundred billion dollars a year. Most educational aCtivities in this country and elsewh...

This paper proposes a theory of city size distribution via a hierarchy approach rather than the popular random growth process. It does so by formalizing central place theory using an equilibrium entry model and specifying the conditions under which city size distribution follows a power law. Central place theory describes the way in which a hierarchical city system with different layers of citi...

Spirituality in the American workplace has been receiving increasing attention by the popular literature. However, the issue has received little consideration from management scholars. Although there are several definitions of spirituality, this paper discusses it as a cultural phenomenon that might influence organizational behavior. The investigation of spirituality in the workplace demands th...

We consider the computation of Bernoulli, Tangent (zag), and Secant (zig or Euler) numbers. In particular, we give asymptotically fast algorithms for computing the first n such numbers in O(n2(logn)2+o(1)) bit-operations. We also give very short in-place algorithms for computing the first n Tangent or Secant numbers in O(n2) integer operations. These algorithms are extremely simple, and fast fo...