introduction: lead (pb) is a neurotoxin that its different effects on the central nervous system are well-known. previous studies have reported the potent effects of vitamin c on memory.the present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin c against leadinduced amnesia. methods: male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: the control (saline), negative control (lead), ...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) selectively damages white matter. White matter damage does not produce deficits in many behavioral tests used to analyze experimental TBI. Rats were impaired on an active place avoidance task following inactivation of one hippocampal injection of tetrodotoxin. The need for both hippocampi suggests that acquisition of the active place avoidance task may require inter...

introduction: neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. the hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. estrogen receptors (ers) are highly expressed in ca1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. estradiol receptor belong to a family of t...

background: learning and memory are the most intensively studied subjects in neuroscience. two sites of mammalian brain which are important in learning and memory are ca1 region of hippocampus and purkinje cell layer of cerebellum. so, the aim of present investigation was to study of the effect of ovariectomy and passive avoidance learning on nr1 subunit of n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor ...

introduction: the role of serotonergic fibers in avoidance learning is controversial. involvement of the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn), the main source of hippocampal projecting serotonergic fibers in acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of passive avoidance (pa) learning, was investigated by functional suppression of this area. materials and methods: drn functional inactivation was done by li...

background: different stressors induce learning and memory impairment and physical activity influence learning and memory enhancement. in this research, we investigated the effect of synchronized running activity with stress on acquisition and retention time of passive avoidance test. methods: male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: control (co), sham (sh), exercise ...

morphine’s effects on learning and memory processes are well known to depend on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. whereas the role of the hippocampus in morphine-induced amnesia and state-dependent learning is established, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. the present study intended to investigate whether administration of morphine ...

background and objective: tamoxifen is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators that exerts estrogen / anti-estrogen effects in various tissues. this study was done to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of tamoxifen on spatial memory and passive avoidance task in adult male wistar rats. methods: in this experimental study, 48 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into...

electromagnetic field (emf) radiation affects cellular and brain chemistry and function, resulting in deleterious effects such as free radicals formation, impaired dna repair, reduced melatonin and blood brain barrier protection, and defects on learning and memory and other higher brain functions. in this paper the effects of low frequency emf of 50- and 217 hz, ranges often associated with com...