The wide spectrum of craniofacial malformations makes classification difficult. A simple classification system allows an overview of the current understanding of the etiology, assessment, and treatment of the most frequently encountered craniofacial anomalies. Facial dysostoses are reviewed on the basis of their diverse etiology, pathogenesis, anatomy, and treatment. Conditions discussed includ...

UNLABELLED The Pierre Robin sequence is characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis and upper airway obstruction. Symptom severity varies, and this makes the treatment of these patients a true challenge. AIM to identify the presence of sleep hypopnea-apnea in patients with Pierre-Robin sequence. MATERIALS AND METHODS retrospective study in which we assessed 14 children with Pierre-Robin seq...

A modified nasopharyngeal tube is described that does not add airway dead space and resistance, is well tolerated, highly successful, and allows simultaneous use of oxygen prongs. This potentially reduces the need for surgical intervention to relieve high upper airway obstruction from Pierre-Robin syndrome and other causes.

Several internal auditory canal (IAC) anomalies have been reported. To our knowledge, only one case with an abnormal direction of the IAC has been reported in an infant with Pierre Robin syndrome. In this paper, we present the first report of two non-syndromic cases with abnormal IAC direction.

1 Parameswari A, Vakamudi M, Manickam A et al. Nasal fiberoptic–guided oral tracheal intubation in neonates and infants with Pierre Robin sequence. Pediatr Anesth 2011; 21: 170–171. 2 Xue FS, Luo MP. Management of difficult pediatric airways. In: Xue FS, eds. Modern Airway Management: A Key Technique for Clinical Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. Zheng-Zhou: Zheng-Zhou University Publishin...

The Stickler syndrome is a newly recognized, but probably relatively frequent inherited generalized connective tissue disorder involving skeleton, eye, and oro-facial structures. A family with three affected generations is discussed. Severe myopia leading to blindness, cleft palate, or subnucous cleft, Pierre Robin anomaly, premature degenerative arthritis, or a family history of any of these i...