A growing body of works address automated mining of biochemical knowledge from digital repositories of scientific literature, such as MEDLINE. Some of these works use abstracts as the unit of text from which to extract facts. Others use sentences for this purpose, while still others use phrases. Here we compare abstracts, sentences, and phrases in MEDLINE using the standard information retrieva...

Commonsense causal reasoning is the process of capturing and understanding the causal dependencies amongst events and actions. Such events and actions can be expressed in terms, phrases or sentences in natural language text. Therefore, one possible way of obtaining causal knowledge is by extracting causal relations between terms or phrases from a large text corpus. However, causal relations in ...

The present study investigated the effects of phrase length and scrambling in the processing of Japanese sentences. Reading times of short phrases, long phrases, verbs, and whole sentences, measured by the method of self-paced reading, did not differ in terms of phrase-length order and scrambling. In addition, four types of sentences constructed on the basis of phrase-length order and scramblin...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hyphens that disambiguate phrasing in ambiguous sentences influence reading rate and reading comprehension for younger and older adults. Moreover, as working memory (WM) has been implicated in age-related changes in sentence comprehension for both auditory and written materials, we asked if it contributed to comprehension of our sentences wit...

To understand speech, listeners have to combine the words they hear into phrases and sentences. Recent magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electrocorticography (ECoG) studies show that cortical activity is concurrently entrained/synchronized to the rhythms of multiple levels of linguistic units including words, phrases, and sentences. Here we investigate whether this phenomenon can be observed usi...

This paper studies entailments between sentences like three boys kissed five girls involving two or more numerically quantified noun phrases that are interpreted as expressing cumulative quantification in the sense of Scha (1984). A precise characterization of when one such sentence entails another such sentence that differs from it only in the numerals is crucially important to evaluate claims...

Large scale deep grammars can achieve high coverage of corpus data, yet cannot produce full-fledged solutions for each sentence. In this paper, we present a dependency-based sentence simplification approach to obtain full parses of simplified sentences that failed to have a complete analysis in their original form. In order to remove the erroneous parts that cause failure, we delete phrases fro...

Most unsupervised NLP models represent each word with a single point or region in semantic space, while the existing multi-sense embeddings cannot longer sequences like phrases sentences. We propose novel embedding method for text sequence (a phrase sentence) where is represented by distinct set of multi-mode codebook to capture different facets its meaning. The can be viewed as cluster centers...

We tested the hypothesis that generics (e.g., Dogs have four legs) are a cognitive default, thereby allowing faster and less effortful processing in comparison to quantified noun phrases (e.g., all dogs). Participants judged sentences containing either generics or universally-quantified noun phrases as true or false. Under time pressure, participants treated universallyquantified noun phrases a...