learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

There is a few mystical works in Persian literature, the authors of which have mentioned into them the foundations of mysticism definitely. These terms can be inferred from mystical and sūfical works: “purification, devotion, mystical experience, annihilation, conservation of essence, mystical behaviour, rapture, love, poverty, mystical state, unity of existence, knowledge, Sheykh guidance, ...

This article studies the foundations of postmodernism in education. The Postmodernism which has affected a wide realm of social sciences, philosophy as well as philosophy of education, is a reaction against the rationalism and absolutism of modern ages. Deconstructionalism, relativism and pragmatism are some leading characteristics of the postmodern philosophical attitude. In realm of epistemol...

Purpose: This paper aims to review the changes over time in the field of organization of  resources to determine if the movement and progress of knowledge organization are based on/ or influenced by scientific and philosophical paradigms. These changes have been analyzed from the paradigmatic perspective to the organization of information and knowledge organization. Methodology: The method of ...