With the advent of new surgical techniques, such as subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery, venous anatomy of the lower limb gained distinguished attention. Here, based on our surgical experience and observations on several dissections, we describe the embryology and the gross anatomy of the superficial, deep, and perforating veins. The lesser and greater saphenous veins, their named tributar...

All types of varicose veins can be treated successfully by a radical stripping operation in which the whole system of diseased veins and related perforating veins is removed (Myers, 1957; Arenander, 1960; Sherman, 1964). Simple procedures such as high ligation, with or without stripping of the main saphenous trunk, though widely practised, are much less successful, even in the early and uncompl...

A 58-year-old, gravida 6, obese woman presented with a pruritic yellowish plaque around the umbilicus, which first appeared about 3 years ago. She also had flat yellow papules on the axilla and neck. After a burn from a heating device, a few perforating papules and a violaceous hue occurred on the plaque. Histological examination revealed pathological elastic fibers with a keratotic plug and pe...

PERFORATING keratoplasty is found to be most successful in cases of small central corneal nebulae and keratoconus. In both these conditions the graft lies completely surrounded by healthy cornea. Where there is gross opacification extending widely throughout the thickness of the cornea and especially if degenerative changes are present, then a simple perforating graft rapidly becomes completely...

Objective—In microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm, the perforating branches around the facial nerve root exit zone occasionally complicate facial nerve decompression. In this context, the vertebrobasilar configuration was retrospectively correlated with the perforating branches. Methods—Based on vertebral angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and three dimensional computed to...

Perforating necrobiosis lipoidica (PNL) is a very rare variant of necrobiosis lipoidica (NL), almost always associated with diabetes. A non-diabetic 43-year-old man referred to us with a gradually enlarging plaque on his forehead. The patient was initially diagnosed with cutaneous tuberculosis based on the histopatholo

PURPOSE Our goal was to analyze the anatomic similarity between the duplicated middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the accessory MCA and their relationship to the early branches of the MCA. METHODS We reviewed stereoscopic angiograms of duplicated MCAs in four patients and accessory MCAs in four patients with reference to the origin, size, and cortical supply of these anomalous vessels, along wi...

two steps synthetic method for the preparation of a novel emulsion stabilizer called poly(ricineoleic acid-b-ethyleneglycol-b-ricineoleic acid) with average mass molecular weight of 7000 daltons is investigated. in the first step, oligoricineoleic acid with average mass molecular weight of 1800 daltons is synthesized (yield 70%). in the second step, the desired copolymer is  synthesized from th...

in ordere to determine the prognosis of perforating eye injuries caused hy bb guns in our patients, the visual and anatomic results of 14 patients with gun injuries seen between september 1996 and february 1998 in farafti hospital and private office in tehran were reviewed. five patients liad nonn erf orating eye injuries. all perforated eyes underwent scleral buckling, tenseclomy, vitrectomy a...