The membrane-bound molecules programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 (PD-1/PD-L1) belong to the immune checkpoint pathway. PD-1 pathway downregulates effector T cells in immune response, thereby causing immune suppression. Recent studies have revealed that membrane-bound PD-1 and PD-L1 also have soluble forms. These soluble forms increase the complexity and diversity of the composition a...

The effects of cyanide, anoxia, and temperatures varying from 2 to 42 C on the cell membrane electropotential difference (PD) of washed and freshly excised corn roots have been determined. Respiration rates of freshly excised root segments in response to cyanide and to varying temperatures were also measured. The cell membrane PD of roots which had been washed for 12 to 15 hours was almost inse...

BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor in which prognostic factors are still not well established. Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in ACC and its association with clinico-pathological features and survival outcomes are unknown. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens were obtained from 28 patients with ACC. PD-L1 expression was evaluated by im...

background and aim: the aim of the present study was to compare coronally advanced flap (caf) with amniotic membrane to caf with connective tissue graft (ctg) in the treatment of miller’s class iⅈ gingival recessions. materials and methods: 11 systemically healthy patients, with 30 miller’s class і and іі gingival recessions ≥3 mm, were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups. gi...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hyperphosphatemia is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESRD, but factors regulating phosphate clearance on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that peritoneal phosphate clearance is better with continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) as compared with continuous cyclic PD (CCPD) after adjusting f...

BACKGROUND Injury to the mesothelial layer of the peritoneal membrane during peritoneal dialysis (PD) is implicated in loss of ultrafiltration capacity, but there are no validated biomarkers for mesothelial cell injury. Microparticles (MPs) are 0.1 to 1.0 µm membrane vesicles shed from the cell surface following injury and are sensitive markers of tissue damage. Formation of MPs in the peritone...

Blocking the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway has clinical benefit in metastatic cancer and has led to the approval of the mAbs pembrolizumab and nivolumab to treat melanoma and nivolumab for non-small cell lung cancer. Expression of PD-L1 on the cell surface of either tumor cells or infiltrating immune cells is associated with a higher likelihood of response to PD-1 blockade in multiple studi...

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) leads to structural and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane, endpoint of which is fibrosis. fibrosis diagnosed 50% 80% PD patients within 1 2 years treatment initiation, respectively. A key role development played by mesothelial-mesenchymal transformation, a complex biological process transition from mesothelium mesenchyme. This review summarizes current knowl...

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ubiquitous organelle that plays roles in secretory protein production, folding, quality control, and lipid biosynthesis. The cortical ER in plants is pleomorphic and structured as a tubular network capable of morphing into flat cisternae, mainly at three-way junctions, and back to tubules. Plant reticulon family proteins (RTNLB) tubulate the ER by dimerizatio...

Immune checkpoint molecules, especially PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1, act as a major mechanism of cancer immune evasion. Although anti–PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy increases therapeutic efficacy in melanoma treatment, only subset patients exhibits long-term tumor remission, the underlying resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that cell surface retention PD-L...