abstract       background and objectives: more candida albicans strains are reported resistant to fluconazole in patients with aids, cancer and organ recipients. fluconazole resistance can be attributed to changes in pathways of sterol biosynthesis, mutation in or overexpression of erg11 and the expression of cdr1, cdr2, and mdr1. this study aimed to compare the expression of cdr1, cdr2, and md...

In this study, two PCR-based methods (MSP-PCR and PCR-MP) were compared for their abilities to identify intraspecies variations of 23 isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, 78 isolates of Trichophyton interdigitale and 22 isolates of Microsporum canis, obtained mainly from patients in Lódź city. The results allowed to distinguish four types (containing two subtypes) characteristic for T. interdigital...

One of the fundamental techniques of molecular biology is the isolation of a rare clone from a complex mixture of DNA sequences contained within a library. The isolation of cDNA and genomic clones from highly complex libraries is often an early step in studies aimed at understanding basic biological processes as well as in applied biological research. In a typical genomic library with an averag...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the sequence difference between human A, B, and O alleles and establish the method of ABO genotyping by PCR direct sequencing. METHODS PCR-direct sequencing technique was used to analyze two regions of cDNA from A transferase gene, 233-433 and 660-788. RESULTS Two nucleotide substitutions at 258th and 297th were found in 233-433 region, and a nucleotide substitution at ...

The infection dynamics of metacercariae were assessed in cyprinoid fish (cyprinoids) from Chiang Mai and Sakon Nakhon Provinces, Thailand, during October 2008 to September 2009. The samples were collected during 3 seasons from rivers and local markets. Metacercarial infection was determined by acidpepsin digestion and confirmed using HAT-RAPD PCR method. Thirteen and 16 species of cyprinoids we...