Relationships between health professionals and pharmaceutical manufacturers can unduly influence clinical practice. These relationships are the focus of global transparency efforts, including in Europe. We conducted a descriptive content analysis of the transparency provisions implemented by February 2017 in nine European Union (EU) countries concerning payments to health professionals, with du...

With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices in the consumer market, wireless e-business is emerging as a key area to revolutionise industries. In the past few years, industry has witnessed an increase in the adoption of mobile payment and billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies. Yet, the success of mobile payments in businesses much depends on many factors such as, type ...

China’s environmental policy emphasizes the use of economic instruments. By levying a fee for discharges, the government hopes to internalize environmental costs associated with production and consumption. This policy has been working relatively well in the urban areas, but faces a grave challenge in the rural areas where there has been a development of rural industries on a massive scale since...

BACKGROUND This study will provide detailed specification of those variables and determinants of unpredictable health expenditure in Iran, and the requirements to reduce extensive effects of the factors affecting households' payments for health and other goods and services inappropriately. METHOD This study aims to identify measures of fair financing of health services and determinants of fai...

The use of the Jarman under privileged area (UPA) scoring system as a means of remunerating general practitioners (GPs) for the additional workload associated with deprivation has been the subject of much debate and criticism. GPs who are based in rural practices often fail to attract any deprivation payments and are particularly aggrieved. They criticise the UPA system for being more sensitive...

In restructured electric power industries around the world, power pool designers have enabled generators to earn revenues consisting of energy and capacity payments. This paper discusses uses and abuses of capacity payments, and links provision of these payments to the issue of pricing reliability. A general formula for determining the ideal capacity price in a generation supply system is prese...

BACKGROUND Throughout the world, financing the healthcare system through households' financial contribution is a challenging issue in evaluating performance of healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is illustrating the consequences of Iranian household to health system financial contribution in terms of burden and incomes approaches. METHOD The Data derived from an annual survey by Sta...

Banks play a key role in helping rural regions transform their economies by funding new business ventures. In rural America, community bankers often have a unique perspective on their local economy and local business prospects, thanks to their heavy personal involvement and face-to-face contact with customers. But community banks must now face a challenging new lending landscape. Rural banks ha...