sixteen isolates of colletotrichum were collected from leaves with anthracnose symptoms or leaf spots of twelve wild, cultivated and ornamental plant species from the guilan, mazandaran, and golestan provinces in northern iran. five different species, including c. aenigma, c. gigasporum, c. godetiae, c. karstii, and c. musae were identified based on the dna sequence data (tub2, gs, gapdh). four...

Methods The Infectious Diseases Unit at Bolzano Hospital is the point of reference for all NI occurring inand outside the hospital within the sanitary district (approx. 215,000 inhabitants). For each case noticed, a record form is drawn up by nurses, who take care of registration and demographics, occupation of the worker involved, timing of NI, and by physicians thereafter, who record cause of...

BACKGROUND In both military and civilian settings, transmission of respiratory pathogens may be due to person-to-person and environmental contributions. This possibility was explored in a military training setting, where rates of febrile respiratory illness (FRI) often reach epidemic levels. METHODS Population size and FRI rates were monitored over 10 months in the units of 50-90 individuals....

Surgical team members are known to have a higher incidence of percutaneous injuries compared with other health care workers, which increases surgical personnel's risk both of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and acquiring bloodborne illnesses. The purpose of this integrative review was to determine whether double gloving reduces the surgical team member's risk of percutaneous injury when compar...

BACKGROUND This paper describes injection risk in an out-of-treatment population of young heroin users in Hanoi, Vietnam, including use of a soft-tissue portal known as a "cay ma" (injection sac). METHODS Data from a large cross-sectional survey (N=1270) are used to describe the prevalence of this practice and its association with disease. Additionally, data from an ethnographic substudy on i...

This study used real-time PCR assays to screen small sample volumes for a comprehensive range of 35 respiratory pathogens. Initial thermocycling was limited to 20 cycles to avoid competition for reagents, followed by a secondary real-time multiplex PCR. Supplementary semi-nested human metapneumovirus and picornavirus PCR assays were required to complete the acute respiratory pathogen profile. P...

Dental professionals may be exposed to bloodborne pathogens in their work, and dental students may be a particularly vulnerable group. Fear of exposure has also been linked to discriminatory practices. A cross-sectional survey of dental students was conducted at one U.S. dental school to assess their knowledge about the transmission of bloodborne pathogens and management of exposures; the frequ...

Emergency whole blood transfusions may increase the risk of transmitting bloodborne pathogens, including human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs). U.S. military personnel with any medical encounter for HTLV infection during 2000-2013;2008 were identified from surveillance data. Using both inclusive and restrictive case definitions, the incidence of diagnoses of HTLV infection was analyzed in relati...

In the United States, transmission of viral hepatitis from health care-related exposures is uncommon and primarily recognized in the context of outbreaks. Transmission is typically associated with unsafe injection practices, as exemplified by several recent outbreaks that occurred in ambulatory health care settings. To prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens, health care workers must adher...