background and objective: tamoxifen is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators that exerts estrogen / anti-estrogen effects in various tissues. this study was done to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of tamoxifen on spatial memory and passive avoidance task in adult male wistar rats. methods: in this experimental study, 48 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into...

Introduction: Neurohormones like testosterone and estradiol have an important role in learning and memory. The hippocampus is essentially involved in learning and memory, and is known to be a target for estradiol actions. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in CA1 of rat hippocampus, and mediate the effects of estrogen on learning and memory. Estradiol receptor belong to a family ...

introduction: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, which impairs memory and cognitive function. walnuts are a dietary source of polyphenols, antioxidants and other compounds with health beneficial effects. these characteristic of walnuts make them perfect candidates for evaluation of their possible effects on neurodegenerative diseases. therefore the present stu...

introduction: exposure to 3, 4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) could lead to serotonergic system toxicity in the brain. this system is responsible for learning and memory functions. studies show that mdma causes memory impairment dose-dependently and acutely. the present study was designed to evaluate the chronic and acute effects of mdmd on spatial memory and acquisition of passive avoid...

background and objective: based on the effect of chronic metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus on the learning and memory, this study was designed to assess the usefulness of administration of salvialonic acid b on lessening of learning and memory deficits in streptozotocin (stz)-diabetic rats. materials and methods: male wistar rats were allocated into control, salvialonic acid b-trea...

Introduction: Cholinergic neuronal deficiency is one of the main causes of Alzheimer's pathology, which leads to learning and memory impairment. Scopolamine is a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist commonly used to induce Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin also regulates learning and memory function. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of central administration of insulin on pa...

introduction: the glutamatergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of crocus sativus (saffron) or its constituent, crocin, facilitates the formation of memory. this research investigated the effect of crocin on antagonizing retrograde amnesia induced by ketamine, a glutamatergic receptor antagonist, in rats by shuttle box. methods:  male wistar rats were teste...

background: the cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. administration of crocus sativus (saffron) or its constituent, crocin, facilitates the formation of memory. based on above findings, in the current study the effect of crocin in antagonizing retrograde amnesia induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, in rats was investigated by using shuttle box...