participation has been with us since the inception of living in a family. participation developed in the matrix of religion and, two centuries ago, opend up its way in political systems of european countries. it supported the democratic principle of people's determining their own destiny. today, participation is considered a necessity for the total development of not only individuals, but ...

Background: Voice disorders have been traditionally defined in terms of deviant quality, pitch, and loudness and by deviant structure and/or function of the laryngeal mechanism. The definition of voice disorders in an occupational context depends on the demands set upon the voice, and voice endurance is an essential criterion. Professional voice users are those who depend on their voice for pra...

background and objective: obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is defined as a sleep disordered breathing due to partial or complete obstruction of upper airways. this study aimed to investigate treatment outcomes and clinical complications among patients with osa who underwent upper airway surgery in clinical settings. materials and methods: all patients undergone upper airway surgery for osa were ca...