<span>Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is the most widely used soft computing algorithm in photovoltaic systems to address partial shading conditions (PSC). The success of PSO run heavily depends on initial population size (NP). A higher NP increases probability a global peak (GP) solution, but at expense longer convergence time. To find optimal value NP, trade-off typically made between...

Under partial shading conditions, photovoltaic (PV) arrays are subjected to different irradiance levels caused by nonuniform shading. As a result, mismatch between the modules, reduction in power generated, and hotspot phenomenon will be observed. One method reduce losses is reconfigure total-cross-tied (TCT) array dynamic static forms, where improved performance can achieved through more effic...