Acute pancreatitis is a disease with varying severity. Patients with the mild form do not require nutritional support because oral intake is resumed rapidly. Studies on nutritional support in acute pancreatitis have included patients with both mild and severe disease. In this heterogeneous group, total parenteral nutrition did not improve outcome compared with no nutrition at all. This is cause...

1. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: nutritional needs of low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics 1985;75:976–86. 2. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Zinc injection. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2013. Available at http://www.ashp.org/drugshortages/current/bulletin.aspx?id=777. 3. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutritio...

Background: In several disease conditions, patients must inevitably be nourished by enteral feeding (EF). Though in many countries, commercial formulas are routinely used for EF, in Iran still home-made formulas are commonly employed as commercial formulas are not covered by insurance. This may pose patients to malnutrition and bring about further costs.  The aim of this study was to evalu...

The pancreas plays a major role in nutrient digestion. Therefore, in both acute and chronic pancreatitis, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency can develop, impairing digestive and absorptive processes. These changes can lead to malnutrition over time. In parallel to these changes, decreased caloric intake and increased metabolic activity are often present. Nutritional deficiencies ne...

PURPOSE The provision of early enteral (gut) nutrition to critically ill patients, started within 24 hours of injury or intensive care unit admission, is accepted to improve health outcomes. However, not all patients are able to receive early enteral nutrition. The purpose of the economic analysis presented here was to estimate the cost implications of providing early parenteral (intravenous) n...

Parenteral nutrition offers the possibility of increasing or ensuring nutrient intake in patients in whom normal food intake is inadequate and enteral nutrition is not feasible, is contraindicated or is not accepted by the patient. These guidelines are intended to provide evidence-based recommendations for the use of parenteral nutrition in cancer patients. They were developed by an interdiscip...

background: a high percentage of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (icu) have systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs) criteria. free radicals play an important role in initiation and development of sirs. the purpose of this study was to assess and compare the molecular changes of cellular antioxidant power in patients with sirs who received enteral nutrition (en) or en combine...

Venous thrombosis and bacterial infections are common complications of parenteral nutrition. To test the hypothesis that infection facilitates activation of coagulation during parenteral nutrition, healthy subjects were intravenously injected with endotoxin (2 ng/kg) after they had received either 1 week of standard parenteral nutrition (n = 7) or normal enteral feeding (n = 8). Compared with e...

Enteral nutrition in critically ill patients has been widely debated. Some of the questions include optimal time to begin enteral feeding, gastric versus small-bowel tube placement, and what markers should be used to measure intolerance to enteral nutrition. Although some of these questions are yet to be answered, more evidence has become available since the 1990s to guide practice. For critica...