There is evidence for mixed effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on financial performance. In particular, reported to be positive, negative, and insignificant. These controversies are generally explained by two opposing schools thought, which the impact hypothesis shift focus hypothesis. This paper attempts contribute ongoing debate investigating whether relationship between CSR fir...

The article contributes to the existing literature by examining nonlinear effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on development Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries during 1980-2019. These multiply their FDI attraction policies in order enrich national externalities offered local businesses and benefit from some positive effects economy terms growth, technology, know-how, etc. Using panel smoo...

The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence monetary policy on credit supply in WAEMU zone over period 1996-2017. study focuses countries, except for Guinea-Bissau, due unavailability sufficient data. We apply Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model Gonzalez et al. (2005). results reveal non-linearity link between and supply. There a threshold risk exposure 8.726% above whic...

This paper investigates the non-linear effects produced by main determinants of sovereign ratings issued Moody’s agency. Using a sample 29 countries observed over 2000–2019 period, we identify factors leading country to be classified, respectively, in speculative, moderately and highly speculative grades. The fixed effect logit estimates reveal that independent variables on are largely differen...