Pain is the topic to which I mostly contributed during my scientific career, after my initial training in Moruzzi’s laboratory at the time when my research was focused on the physiology of specific “states”, i.e. sleep and animal hypnosis. In this review I will present, without claiming to be complete, the seminal discoveries and the consequent evolution of the concepts of pain providing the re...

CONTEXT Pain is a complicated area of inquiry. To progress in our scientific understanding of the topic, it may be useful to learn how other disciplines are grappling with the subject. Philosophy is one discipline actively engaged in trying to understand pain. OBJECTIVE We present one philosophical view of pain to help broaden the understanding of pain in those who are trained to look at it f...

The application of operant learning theory on chronic pain by Fordyce has had a huge impact on chronic pain research and management. The operant model focuses on pain behaviors as a major component of the pain problem, and postulates that they are subject to environmental contingencies. The role of operant learning in pain behaviors generally has been supported by experimental studies, which ar...

rationality and spirituality is a theory follows the spiritualism in west, to fill the spiritual gap made by modernism. the goal of this theory is reduction of human’s pain by collecting between rationality and spirituality, which is engendered by modernism and religion. as modernism based on reason, rationality is fundamental in this theory. spiritualty is application of rationality or is pers...

This article discusses current trends in managing cancer pain, with specific regard to opioid transmission, descending pathway inhabitation, and ways to facilitate the endogenous antinociceptive chemicals in the human body. Various techniques for opioid and nonopioid control of potential pain situations of patients with cancer are discussed. The benefits of using pharmacogenetics to assess the ...

Background: Mechanisms underlying favorable outcomes of psychosocial interventions for chronic pain are unclear. Theory suggests changes in maladaptive cognitions represent therapeutic mechanisms specific to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Acquired knowledge of pain-related information may represent a mechanism specific to Pain Education. Purpose: We illustrate the importance of examining w...

1. Pain perception Bodily sensations, for instance pains, are often thought to pose insuperable difficulties for representational theories of consciousness. Chris is never one to dodge a problem, and chapter 6 of his splendid and instructive Consciousness is devoted to outlining a perceptual/representational theory of pain, in the tradition of Armstrong and Pitcher. Perceptual theories of pain ...