Osmotic regulation of supraoptic nucleus (SON) neuron activity depends in part on activation of neuronal glycine receptors (GlyRs), most probably by taurine released from adjacent astrocytes. In the neurohypophysis in which the axons of SON neurons terminate, taurine is also concentrated in and osmo-dependently released by pituicytes, the specialized glial cells ensheathing nerve terminals. We ...

We hypothesized that TRPV4, a member of the transient receptor family of ion channels, functions as a sensory transducer for osmotic stimulus-induced nociception. We found that, as expected for a transducer molecule, TRPV4 protein is transported in sensory nerve distally toward the peripheral nerve endings. In vivo single-fiber recordings in rat showed that hypotonic solution activated 54% of C...

In this paper we critically review anatomic, electrophysiological, physiological, and behavioral evidence for neural receptors in the liver. Several lines of evidence suggest that the afferent innervation of the liver may be substantial, although few anatomic studies have directly addressed the question of an hepatic sensory supply. On the other hand, there is convincing functional evidence for...

Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children (K.K., A.I. C., S.U., K.P.T., S.I.); Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Tech...

The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in yeast serves as a prototype signalling system for eukaryotes. We used an unprecedented amount of data to parameterise 192 models capturing different hypotheses about molecular mechanisms underlying osmo-adaptation and selected a best approximating model. This model implied novel mechanisms regulating osmo-adaptation in yeast. The model suggested tha...

Interest in culturing the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in low-salinity and brackish-well waters has led to questions about the ability of this species to osmo- and ionoregulate in environments containing low concentrations of ions and in environments with ionic ratios that differ from those found in sea water. After seven days, hemolymph osmolality and potassium, sodium and calcium...

The effect of osmotic and convective drying treatments on main physicochemical properties frozen sliced red peppers was investigated. Sliced were dried partially using either dehydration or hot air before freezing in an blast freezer at constant velocity (2 m/s) temperature (-25°C). center osmo- dehydrofrozen reached -25°C about 105 min, while it took 270 min for control samples. Frozen samples...

In software engineering, maintenance is the process of correction, updating, and improvement products after handed over to customer. Through offshore outsourcing (OSMO) clients can get advantages like reduce cost, save time, improve quality. most cases, OSMO vendor generates considerable revenue. However, selection an appropriate proposal among multiple one critical problems for vendors. The pu...