Organophosphate compounds, which are potent irreversible inhibitors of carboxylic esterases, including cholinesterase, have been extensively used as pesticides throughout the world, and many unfortunate incidents of acute intoxication have been reported (Grob and Harvey, I953; Goldman and Teitel, I958; Healy, 1959; Dinman, I964; Quinby, I964; Crowley and Johns, I966; DePalma, Kwalick, and Zuker...

Abstract The use of pesticides for agricultural cultivation may prevent losses due to pest attacks, but excessive and uncontrolled cause contamination pesticide residues in the fruits vegetables. Organophosphate are highly toxic their residue vegetables neurological disorders humans. enter body animals humans through oral routes or respiratory systems. Common analytical methods detect organopho...

This paper describes bioanalytical methods and biosensors which rely on cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition and can be used to detect and test the toxicity of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides. Particular attention is given to the combined use of these methods and photothermal detection that has recently led to improved sensitivity and increased sample throughput of ChE bioanalytical as...

Introduction: Previous studies found that young children, pregnant women, and farmers are at risk of pesticide exposure. Organophosphate pesticides detected in children’s urine, but other types pesticides, their toxicity classification, level have not been identified. Hence, this study aims to identify levels possible causes health problems an agricultural area. Methods: The population the were...

Our understanding of the health risks of farmworkers exposed to pesticides in their work and home environments is rapidly increasing, although studies designed to examine the possible neurobehavioral effects of low-level chronic pesticide exposure are limited. We measured dialkyl phosphate urinary metabolite levels, collected environmental dust samples from a subset of homes, obtained informati...

The enzymes Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and Lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) are used as biological markers in the present study. Enzymes are highly sensitive and used to evaluate the biological effects of organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos in freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis. The test organisms were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (5 ppm) of chlorpyrifos for 30 days and allowed to re...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is male predominated, and the etiology of this disorder remains unclear. Past studies have assessed the association of low-level organophosphate pesticide exposure with childhood ADHD cross-sectionally and prospectively. However, the results have been inconsistent. A first case-control study was performed to investigate the relationship between or...

OBJECTIVES An epidemiological study of 90 male pesticide applicators licensed in New York was conducted to investigate the effect of exposure to organophosphate pesticides on the peripheral nervous system. METHODS A cohort of farmers and pesticide applicators from New York State were questioned off season (November 1988-February 1989) and again during the spraying season (April 1989-August 19...

Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring exposed both observed and potential environmental and health externalities of the increasing organochlorine and organophosphate insecticide use in the United States post-World War II. Silent Spring was a critical component in a popular movement that resulted in increased regulation and the development of safer pesticides. Most changes in pesticide use in the g...

An effective surveillance system is required to reduce pesticide exposures and poisonings, especially from street pesticides (illegal, unlabelled, and decanted agricultural pesticides used predominately for urban household purposes). Poisoning from any pesticide class, not only organophosphates, constitutes a medically notifiable condition in South Africa. Current practice, however, is to repor...