The Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) based lithographic techniques have been demonstrated as an extremely capable patterning tool. Manipulating surfaces, creating atomic assembly, fabricating chemical patterns, imaging topography and characterizing various mechanical properties of materials in nanometer regime are enabled by this technique. In this paper, a qualified overview of diverse lithog...

Chaco Canyon in New Mexico was the center of an extensive regional cultural system. The strength Chaco's interactions has been partly defined by presence non–local goods including obsidian. We take a diachronic look at obsidian use from AD 500–1250 using largest sample XRF sourced available to date and combine this with technological analyses identify significant changes where how Chacoans obta...

BACKGROUND The Chinese national surveillance system showed that the risk of Schistosoma japonicum infection fluctuated temporally. This dynamical change might indicate periodicity of the disease, and its understanding could significantly improve targeted interventions to reduce the burden of schistosomiasis. The goal of this study was to investigate how the schistosomiasis risk varied temporall...

Structurally well-defined heterogeneous N-glycoclusters are prepared on albumin via a double click procedure. The number of glycan molecules present, in addition to the spatial arrangement of glycans in the heterogeneous glycoclusters, plays an important role in the in vivo kinetics and organ-selective accumulation through glycan pattern recognition mechanisms.

The Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) based lithographic techniques have been demonstrated as an extremely capable patterning tool. Manipulating surfaces, creating atomic assembly, fabricating chemical patterns, imaging topography and characterizing various mechanical properties of materials in nanometer regime are enabled by this technique. In this paper, a qualified overview of diverse lithog...

Among the changeable camouflage patterns of cuttlefish, disruptive patterning is shown in response to certain features of light objects in the visual background. However, whether animals show disruptive patterns is dependent not only on object size but also on their body size. Here, we tested whether cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) are able to match their disruptive body patterning with increasi...

The complete range of various phyllotaxes exemplified in aquatic plants provide an opportunity to characterize the fundamental geometrical relationships operating in leaf patterning. A new polar-coordinate model was used to characterize the correlation between the shapes of shoot meristems and the arrangements of young leaf primordia arising on those meristems. In aquatic plants, the primary ge...

Camouflage is the primary defense in cuttlefish. The rich repertoire of their body patterns can be categorized into three types: uniform, mottle, and disruptive. Several recent studies have characterized spatial features of substrates responsible for eliciting these body patterns on natural and artificial backgrounds. In the present study, we address the role of spatial scales of substrate text...