objectives: ctxb (cholera toxin b subunit) contributes to a vaccine's efficacy by stimulating production of the anti-ctxb antibody. various attempts have been made to increase production of this antibody. chitosan is a mucoadhesive polysaccharide that has tremendous potential for oral vaccine delivery in terms of its exclusive features that include biocompatibility, biodegradability, high charg...

This article describes the development of speaking fluency through authentic oral production in a six-week action research study public high school Guayaquil, Ecuador. The methodology included pre-test and post-test that measured quantitative aspects student’s spoken (speed, pauses, repetitions, corrections), survey with closed-ended questions collected learners’ perspectives towards their own ...

We have previously reported that salivary glycine and proline levels are increased to nearly butanoate level in elderly people. In order to identify the source of glycine and proline, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of amino acid production to a total of seven oral cells before and after stimulation with inflammation inducers. We found that production of amino acids...

The inhibitory effect offluorapatite (FAP)-derivedfluoride upon resting cell suspensions of Streptococcus mutans incubated at pH 4.5 and 6.5 was studied using lactic acid production from 0.1% sucrose as an indicator offermentation activity. Cells incubated with FAP produced significantly less lactic acid than did cells incubated with hydroxyapatite (HAP). Addition of HAP to cell suspensions con...