Butterfly eyespot colour patterns are a key example of how a novel trait can appear in association with the co-option of developmental patterning genes. Little is known, however, about how, or even whether, co-opted genes function in eyespot development. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to determine the roles of two co-opted transcription factors that are expressed during early eyespot de...

Reproductive altruism is an extreme form of altruism best typified by sterile castes in social insects and somatic cells in multicellular organisms. Although reproductive altruism is central to the evolution of multicellularity and eusociality, the mechanistic basis for the evolution of this behaviour is yet to be deciphered. Here, we report that the gene responsible for the permanent suppressi...

During the early Turkish republic karagöz shadow theatre’s Ottoman patterns were transformed. Reformers attempted to restrict coffeehouses where the art had flourished and developed written texts to replace the improvised practice of the past. They sponsored performances in government-supported community centers and created shows to promote government policies. The efforts meant that an art, wh...

OBJECTIVE Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical and biochemical syndrome caused by skeletal muscle injury. Our aim was to contribute to the existing data on rhabdomyolysis in our country by evaluating the etiologic, demographic, and clinical features of rhabdomyolysis patients who applied to a tertiary hospital emergency department. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the data of patients who applied...

While evolution is often understood exclusively in terms of adaptation, innovation often begins when a feature adapted for one function is co-opted for a different purpose, such aswhen feathers originally adapted for insulation became used for flight. Co-opted features are called exaptations. Transposable elements are often viewed as molecular parasites, yet they are frequently the source of ev...

OBJECTIVE To examine the opinions of a perinatal health team regarding decisions related to late termination of pregnancy and severely ill newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was administered to physicians, social workers, and nurses in perinatal care. Differences were evaluated using the chi square and Student's t tests. RESULTS When considering severely ill fetuses ...

Ethologists predicted that parental care evolves by modifying behavioural precursors in the asocial ancestor. As a corollary, we predict that the evolved mechanistic changes reside in genetic pathways underlying these traits. Here we test our hypothesis in female burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides, an insect where caring adults regurgitate food to begging, dependent offspring. We quantif...