BACKGROUND The current preliminary study aimed to explore the reasons that a group of opiate-dependent patients reported for entry into opium tincture treatment (OTT). METHODS Through examinations of 52 qualitative focus group interviews with patients from six OTT centers and 10 health providers (in key informant interviews) in Tehran, this study highlights the factors that participants repor...

The pharmacological treatment of pain has very ancient origins, when plant-derived products were used, including mandrake extracts and opium, a dried latex obtained from Papaver somniferum. In the XVI and XVII centuries opium came into the preparation of two compounds widely used for pain relief: laudanum and Dover's powder. The analgesic properties of extracts of willow bark were then recogniz...

1 st.?The tincture of the Indian hemp being a preparation of Ganja, some practitioners used it by the stomach rather than the fumes of the dried leaves by the lungs ; and the result invariably was unsatisfactory. The same may be said of opium and chloroform. The effect of Opium (Golee) smoking is instantaneous, and more lasting than that of opium eating. Similarly chloroform acts faster, and lo...

Data fusion in today’s context has a huge impact in terms of the cognizance and decision paradigms. The data fusion paradigms are either model based or architecture based. The popular data fusion architectures are Thomopoulos Architecture, Distributed Blackboard Data Fusion Architecture, System-based Data Fusion Architecture, Hierarchical Data Fusion Architecture, Distributed Data Fusion Archit...

a woollen abdominal binder. WVarm baths are useful in relieving spasm. Of drugs, those of the atropine group are of great service, tincture of belladonna or hyoscyamus being commonly employed. One must findl the optimum dose for each case, as individual susceptibility is variable. It is best given before or between meals. Its use may be discontinued at times of well-being, but commencing consti...

N Engl J Med 2003;349:1943-53. Copyright © 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society. pium is a bitter, brown, granular powder derived from the seedpod of the poppy ( Papaver somniferum ). People have used opium for the relief of pain and suffering for thousands of years. Before the 19th century, opium was cultivated and used chiefly in the Middle East, whereas in Europe and the United States it was a...

jaws locked, though some power of deglutition was still retained; the spasms were frequent and pretty violent; the trunk, however, did not very markedly bend itself; the muscles of the extremities were greatly affected, and the abdominal recti were stiff and in constant spasmodic contraction." The Baboo prescribed tincture of Cannabis Indica and spirits of chloroform ; also chloral hydrate and ...