While national policy styles have (re)gained academic attention in recent comparative public work, the concept still needs a widely accepted operationalization that can allow collection and analysis of data across contexts while steering away from construct validity threats. We build on Tosun Howlett's (2022) work employ mixed-methods approach, which relies exploratory factor hierarchical clust...

In the literature on agent systems, the proactive behavior of agents is often modeled in terms of goals that the agents pursue. We review a number of commonly-used existing goal types and propose a simple and general definition of goal, which unifies these goal types. We then give a formal and generic operationalization of goals by defining an abstract goal architecture, which describes the ado...

Abstract This chapter provides indispensable insights into the BHS research design and its practical operationalization. The chapter’s leitmotiv is that there no perfect empirical violence – with each study we come a bit closer to revealing few of many unknowns (lethal) violence, while making valuable mistakes open new lines research. In sense, most meaningful way handling methodological imperf...

In this research note, we bring clarity to the concept of empathy in design by discussing issues its conceptualization and operationalization. We review literature identify clarify core concepts showcase potential operationalizations, borrowing from closely related fields social psychology neuroscience. five concepts: empathic understanding, research, action, orientation, mental processes. also...