introduction: determination of the canal working length with radiographs has many drawbacks. electronic apex locators have been developed to overcome some of these problems. recently, a newly designed apex locator called novapex has been introduced. all the studies conducted to determine the accuracy of novapex have been carried out in-vitro on extracted teeth. the aim of this in vivo study was...

intra-specific variations in apex development of two salt-tolerant cultivars (cross rowshan 11 (cr) and kharchia-65) and one salt-sensitive cultivar (ghods) of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grown in sand culture at selected levels of salinity (0, 100, 200, and 300 mol m-3 nacl and cacl2 in 5:1 molar ratio) were studied. to determine the apex lengths and the number of spikelet primordi...

Aa apex graph is a graph which has a vertex whose removal makes the resulting graph planar. Embeddings of apex graphs having face-width three are characterized. Surprisingly, there are such embeddings of arbitrarily large genus. This solves a problem of Robertson and Vitray. We also give an elementary proof of a result of Robertson, Seymour, and Thomas 5] that any embedding of an apex graph in ...

OBJECTIVE Vaginal apex pain is a subset of chronic pelvic pain commonly treated with surgical excision of the vaginal apex. Our objective was to estimate long-term postoperative pain levels, recovery time, and return to sexual function in women who have undergone vaginal apex repair for chronic vaginal apex pain. METHODS Since 1995, 45 women have undergone vaginal apex repair at our instituti...

If G is a connected graph, then HA(G) = ∑ u6=v(deg(u) + deg(v))/d(u, v) is the additively Harary index and HM (G) = ∑ u6=v deg(u) deg(v)/d(u, v) the multiplicatively Harary index of G. G is an apex tree if it contains a vertex x such that G − x is a tree and is a k-apex tree if k is the smallest integer for which there exists a k-set X ⊆ V (G) such that G − X is a tree. Upper and lower bounds o...

Introduction: The exact measurement of the root canal length is of great importance in root canal therapy. Although, determination of the root canal length through radiography is the most common method, recently electronic apex locators are being used to determine working length and decrease the number of radiographs. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of an electronic apex l...

Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) have found a wide application in nanotechnology. These microscopes use a metallic nanotip for image acquisition. Resolution of FIM and STM images depends largely on the radius of nanotip apex; the smaller the radius the higher the resolution. In this research, for tungsten nanotip fabrication, electrochemical etching of tungsten...

during endodontic treatment, clinicians may face endodontic procedural mishaps such as broken instruments, which is a complex situation especially when the file breaks beyond the apex. this condition is associated with potential risk of contamination, which compromises the healing process. management of a broken instrument beyond the apex is difficult and time consuming and requires creativity ...

Introduction: Knowledge of the internal anatomy of the tooth, apical foramen (AF) and mental foramen (MF) is considered a basic prerequisite before root canal surgical and non-surgical treatments. The aim this study is evaluation the distance and situation of AF & MF to anatomic apex of mandibular  premolar. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, CBCT images of mandibular p...