UNLABELLED The lay press, scientists, and physicians appear to believe that gymnasts are continually getting smaller and that their "smallness" is a health risk. PURPOSE To assess the historical changes in the size and age of the US women's Olympic gymnastics teams from 1956 to 2008. METHODS The official records from the US Olympic Committee and USA Gymnastics of Olympic team members were a...

The paper mainly applies a weighted accumulative method to predict Chinese previous Olympic Games medals total amount and analyze golden medals total amount floating change rule. According to analysis, the paper thinks that Olympic Games medals change rule can be predicted from three aspects that are Chinese economic strength, number of Chinese participants and Chinese medals amount changes fol...

Major international hallmark events, especially the Olympic Games, represent a significant opportunity for marketing tourism to the host country. Due to the scale and importance of the event, the coordination between the Olympic organizing committee and the destination marketing organization of the host country becomes a knowledge-intensive and exceptionally complicated task. Analyzing on-site ...

BACKGROUND In 2009, the International Judo Federation (IJF) created a World Ranking List (WRL) to classify athletes according to their performance in international-level competitions and to qualify athletes for the Olympic Games. OBJECTIVES Considering that this ranking system provides useful information concerning athletes' performance in competitions during a 2-year period and during Olympi...

Beijing attempted to host both the 2000 and 2008 Olympic Games, being unsuccessful in 2000 and successful in 2008. This paper analyzes the influences the Olympic host announcements on Chinese stock market indices. Olympic host announcements may impact the bidding countries’ investors’ sentiments (mood effect) and their rational economic expectations (economic effect); thus, the bidding countrie...

The aim of this study was effect of a single session of weight-lifting exercise on serum testosterone and cortisol and testosterone-cortisol ratio changes in elite weight-lifter of Mazandaran state. 10 elite weight-lifter of Mazandaran state was selected randomly. Moderate-intensity exercise was contained stand snatch (2 sets with 3 repeats of 60 one repeat maximum), Olympic snatch (2 sets with...

This study attempted to draw a comparison between the age average of Iranian medal winners in Olympic and Asian games and their counterparts from selected countries. The statistical population of the study included Olympic medal winners from the past 100 years and the Iranian who had won medals in 3 rounds of Asian games. The findings indicated that the age average of Iranian medal winners of 3...

The year is 2004. Athens, the capital of Greece is hosting the Olympic Games for the first time in 108 years. Athens, to accommodate the needs of the XXVIII Olympiad, has altered the form of the city through major infrastructure projects. The Olympic Village, as one of these projects, is a place with significant information infrastructure and transformation capabilities that will contribute to ...

Citation measures are the central metrics to assessing the impact of an article, the viability of research streams, the career success of scholars, as well as the quality and status of journals and academic units. While measuring the magnitude of the future usage, they cannot capture the substantial effects that an article may have on the subsequent use of its predecessors whether it amplifies ...

BACKGROUND The tobacco industry has long sought affiliation with major sporting events, including the Olympic Games, for marketing, advertising and promotion purposes. Since 1988, each Olympic Games has adopted a tobacco-free policy. Limited study of the effectiveness of the smoke-free policy has been undertaken to date, with none examining the tobacco industry's involvement with the Olympics o...