This paper scrutinizes the effects of investor-state dispute settlements (ISDS) and national treatment provisions in a two-period model where foreign investment is subject to domestic regulation and a holdup problem. It shows that ISDS can mitigate the holdup problem and increases aggregate welfare, but comes with additional regulatory distortions for the first period. A national treatment prov...

Focus — specialization and speciÞc technology — improves productivity but leads to more dependency and opens a door for power problems. We analyze how organizational design and the choice of technology interact with the allocation of ownership in minimizing the holdup problem in the property rights theory of Grossman-Hart-Moore. We Þnd a novel motive for job rotation: rotation reduces holdup pr...

The gas holdup behavior in a nylon fiber suspension with various fiber lengths (L = 2, 3, and 6 mm) is investigated. Experiments are performed over a range of superficial gas velocities (Ug≤ 18 cm/s) and a range of fiber mass fractions (0 ≤ C ≤ 1.8%) in a 15.24-cm-diameter semibatch bubble column. Day-to-day variations in the gas holdup create difficulties in interpreting the effect of the fibe...

Abstract A CFD study on horizontal oil-water flow with high viscosity ratio (O(103)) was conducted the VOF multiphase model in conjunction SST k–? turbulence scheme. Suitable settings of models and numerical solution were highlighted. Particularly, wall contact angle is shown to be important regarding oil fouling phenomenon commonly seen water-lubricated transportation highly viscous oil. Satis...

To solve the problem that traditional single-probe instruments cannot accurately measure gas and water holdup, domestic design of array holdup measuring instrument Array Optical Resistance Tool (AORT), composed five sets optical fiber probes resistance probes, is carried out in both gas–water oil–water. Simulated measurement experiments were conducted under different cut phase flow. Through ana...

ISSN 2277 5056 | © 2012 Bonfring Abstract--Fluidization is an operation in which solid particles are kept under suspension supported by the upward flow of liquid/gas phase. In classic fluidization the solids density are higher than the liquid, where as in Inverse fluidization the solids density are lower than that of continuous liquid phase. The phase holdup measurements in three phase classic/...

Gas holdup and bubble size are important parameters for simulation and designing in bubble column reactors. Because based on these parameters, the available gas-liquid interfacial area is defined for mass transfer. In this paper, the results of applying magnetic fields on the velocity field and volume fraction of gas holdup are reported. Hydrodynamics of the bubble column in the reactors is inv...

Firms in many situations must make investment decisions long before they meet with new capital suppliers. In addition, most physical capital is specific to a task or location, thus implying potentially important switching costs in case negotiations between a firm and a supplier break down. The present paper analyzes the implications of these frictions. The sequentiality of investment makes it i...

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the flow pattern transitions and water holdup during oil–water–gas three-phase considering both a horizontal section vertical transportation pipe simultaneously. The flowing media white mineral oil, distilled water, air. Dimensionless numbers controlling multiphase deduced understand scaling law process. was simplified as two-phase gas liqui...