Development of a new, 3D, modal theory of low-frequency, long-range sound propagation through a fluctuating ocean, including both CW and transient acoustic signals. Comparison of theoretical predictions with NPAL experimental data. OBJECTIVES To develop a 3D modal theory of broadband sound propagation though a fluctuating ocean, including analysis of the coherence function for transient acousti...

At the beginning of their offshore migration, hatchling sea turtles enter the ocean at night and establish a course away from land by swimming directly into oceanic waves. How turtles can detect wave direction while swimming under water in darkness, however, has not been explained. Objects in a water column beneath the surface of the ocean describe a circular movement as waves pass above. In pr...

The present study investigates the conspicuous shortcomings of the whitecapping dissipation model implemented in WAM Cycle 4.5 [1], following the lead of the work of [2] and [3]. Its dependence on an overall wave steepness unavoidably yields systematic errors when more than one wave system is propagating. The distinctive, complex orography of the Catalan littoral and the fact that the Mediterra...

Studies on tiny and huge seismic sources using long period surface waves: From the hum to 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Abstract Studies on tiny and huge seismic sources using long period surface waves: From the hum to 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. We study the source processes of two extreme cases, the hum of the Earth and the 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, by using long period s...

The air-sea drag coefficient controls the transfer of momentum from wind to water. In modeling storm surge, this coefficient is a crucial parameter for estimating the surge height. This study uses two strong wind events on Lake Erie to calibrate the drag coefficient using the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system and the the Regional Ocean Modeling System (RO...

Since the 1990s, the modulational instability has commonly been used to explain the occurrence of rogue waves that appear from nowhere in the open ocean. However, the importance of this instability in the context of ocean waves is not well established. This mechanism has been successfully studied in laboratory experiments and in mathematical studies, but there is no consensus on what actually t...

Ocean waves move due to gravity: the water at crests is heavier than the air surrounding it and so it falls, overshoots its equilibrium position and then at a trough feels an upward restoring force. The same phenomena occurs below the ocean surface. Cold water lifted upward into warmer surroundings will feel a downward buoyancy force and downwarddisplaced warm water will feel an upward buoyancy...

The ambient seismic wave field, also known as ambient noise, is excited by oceanic gravity waves primarily. This can be categorized as seismic hum (1-20 mHz), primary microseisms (0.02-0.1 Hz), and secondary microseisms (0.1-1 Hz). Below 20 mHz, pressure fluctuations of ocean infragravity waves reach the abyssal floor. Topographic coupling between seismic waves and ocean infragravity waves at t...

The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data are considered to contain the greatest amount of information among various microwave techniques developed for measuring ocean variables from aircraft or satellites. They have the potential of measuring wavelength, wave direction and wave height of the ocean waves. But, it is difficult to retrieve significant ocean wave heights and surface current from con...

Ocean waves can be explained in terms of many factors, including wave spectrum, which has the characteristics of wave height and periodicity, directional spreading function, which has a directional property, and random phase, which randomly represents a certain property. Under the assumption of a linear system, ocean waves show irregular behaviours, which can be observed in the forms of wave sp...