poor inhaler technique is a common problem both in asthmatic patients and healthcare providers, which contributes to poor asthma control. this study was performed to evaluate the adequacy of metered-dose inhaler (mdi) technique in a sample of physicians and nurses practicing in hospitals of hamadan university of medical sciences. a total of 173 healthcare providers voluntary participated in thi...

in this paper, we construct two fuzzy sets using the notions of level subsets and strong level subsets of a given fuzzy set in a ring r. these fuzzy sets turn out to be identical and provide a universal construction of a fuzzy ideal generated by a given fuzzy set in a ring. using this construction and employing the technique of strong level subsets, we provide the shortest and direct fuzzy set ...

In this paper, we construct two fuzzy sets using the notions of level subsets and strong level subsets of a given fuzzy set in a ring R. These fuzzy sets turn out to be identical and provide a universal construction of a fuzzy ideal generated by a given fuzzy set in a ring. Using this construction and employing the technique of strong level subsets, we provide the shortest and direct fuzzy set ...

In this paper a nonlinear state observer based on a distributed parameter model is proposed for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The estimation technique is implemented using a model-based nonlinear observer with a nonlinear disturbance observer in parallel. To implement the model, a nite element discretisation is performed to take advantage of the boundary conditions of the proble...

Abstract: This paper proposes an high-gain observer design technique for fault detection in a hydraulic pipeline. A general nonlinear model of a pipeline is first derived based on general conditions. Then the observer is designed based on the general nonlinear model without linearisation. Simulation results show that the proposed technique can detect leaks quickly and accurately, compared with ...

This paper addresses parameter and state estimation problem in the presence of the perturbation of observer gain bounded input disturbances for the Lipschitz systems that are linear in unknown parameters and nonlinear in states. A new nonlinear adaptive resilient observer is designed, and its stability conditions based on Lyapunov technique are derived. The gain for this observer is derived sys...

field saturated hydraulic conductivity (kfs) is one of the most important soil properties that considerably contribute to soil quality. however, specifically in the structured soils, the measurement of kfs is difficult and time-consuming. therefore, verifying the simple and fast methods for kfs measurement is needed for effective soil monitoring. this study was conducted to investigate the effe...

Abstract: A robust/adaptive stochastic observer is presented for stochastic nonlinear dynamics having excessive uncertainties. It was shown through a new theorem that the proposed nonlinear robust sliding mode observer has very accurate state estimate error characteristic. The observer uses the sliding mode technique for the robustness and a deterministic adaptive law to guarantees a globally a...

a method is described by which it is possible to determine the high barrier to ring inversion and hindered rotation by neat racemization of optically active compounds when the racemization is caused by ring inversion or hindered rotation. the method is based preparation of sufficiently pure enantiomers, mainly by chromatography on swollen microcrystalline triacetylcellulose (tac). by this techn...