Abstract Introdution Prostate cancer patients are usually followed up using serial PSA testing. NICE provides guidelines for follow however whether this should be in primary care or secondary is ambiguous. Consequently, there a concern that PSAs being missed. The aim of study was to understand were Method A retrospective carried out at Whitehill General Practice. Patients identified codes prost...

Aeromonas hydrophila is an emerging pathogen of poikilothermic animals, from fish to mammals, including humans. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of the A. hydrophila AH-3 strain, isolated from a fish farm goldfish septicemia outbreak in Spain, with a characterized polar and lateral flagellum glycosylation pattern.

The title compound, C7H14N2Si, crystallizes in a tetra-gonal space group and exists as an N-H⋯N hydrogen-bonded tetra-mer, formed around the crystallographic fourfold rotoinversion axis. The mol-ecular identity is clearly the 5-tri-methyl-silyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole tautomer and the structure is isomorphous with that of 5-tert-butyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole [Foces-Foces & Trofimenko (2001 ▶). Acta C...

A patent owner is entitled to recover any additional profits that would have been earned but for infringement. This paper suggests the use of an adaptation of merger simulation to assess lost profits in patent infringement cases. A model of the industry with infringement is calibrated to observed prices and quantities and estimated demand elasticities. Lost profits are then estimated by calcula...

How important is access to patent documents for subsequent innovation? We examine the expansion of USPTO Patent Library system after 1975. libraries provided patents before Internet. find that library opening, local patenting increases by 8–20 percent relative similar regions. Additional analyses suggest disclosure technical information drives this effect: inventors increasingly take up ideas f...

Liability laws designed to compensate for harms caused by defective products may also affect innovation. We examine this issue exploiting a major quasi-exogenous increase in liability risk faced US suppliers of polymers used manufacture medical implants. Difference-in-difference analyses show that surge suppliers’ had large and negative impact on downstream innovation implants, but it no signif...

This paper analyzes the causes of illegal copying and its effects in the software market across 66 countries. By studying the aggregated and joint effects of different variables, the analysis shows that supply constraints in the software market, shortage of after-sale support, and characteristics legal framework are major drivers of illegal copying when controlling for income per capita. It als...

A special characteristic of the patent system is that it features multiple patent-policy levers that can be employed by policymakers. In this study, we develop a quality-ladder model to analyze the optimal mix of patent instruments. Speci…cally, we consider (a) patent breadth and (b) the division of pro…t in research joint ventures. We analytically derive optimal patent policies and then calibr...

In this paper, we explore the dynamic properties of an endogenous growth model with finite patent length. We show that there exists a unique equilibrium growth path and that this path exhibits damped oscillations in contrast to the equilibrium path of an endogenous growth model with infinite patent length.We also examine the effects of patent policy on social welfare and show that infinite pate...