introduction the aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of deflection load of three kinds of nickel titanium closed coil springs. methods and materials this research was an experimental study. research sample contains three kinds of niti closed coiled springs (heavy, medium, light) from gac, 3m, and rmo factories. 10 springs with 9 mm length for each group (totally 90 springs) wer...

1Department of Health Science, The University of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs CO 80918, USA 2Athletic Development, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA 3School of Health Science, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia *Corresponding author Jay Dawes, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Health Science University of Colorado-Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA Tel....

1. Despite the range of threats to springs and the number of spring-endemic species, studies of temporal changes in the fauna of springs have rarely been reported. Changes in the fish of 22 Oklahoma (USA) springs were compared among surveys in 1981, 1982, and 2001. 2. Twenty-year assemblage differences were correlated with physical alteration of specific springs and stocking of native fish, whi...

The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) underlies about one fifth of mainland Australia. Much of this area is arid or semiarid and often artesian water is the only reliable source of potable water, historically via springs. Prior to the 1870s, there were around 3,000 flowing springs ringing the GAB. The springs were a vital source of water for Aborigines as well as early explorers, workers and pastorali...

Abstract The problem of cyclic loading under pure torsion is an important for numerous different industrial applications, such as shafts, springs, blades, and others. conditions aircraft, railway, automobile industries are often corresponding to long fatigue life. rough estimation shows that the number cycles springs in car engine exceeds 10 8 cycle while blades aircraft turbine may undergo mor...