introduction: chronic radicular low back pain is a common disease that limits patient’s daily activity. epidural steroid injection (esi) is becoming the mainstay of therapies for radicular low back pain due to contained bulged disc. aim: to determine the effect of adding hypertonic saline to epidural steroid injections to provide pain relief for chronic radiculopathy back pain secondary to fora...

BACKGROUND Epidural steroid injection (ESI), including transforaminal (TF) epidural injections and interlaminar (IL) epidural steroid injections are commonly performed procedures for the management of lumbosacral radicular pain. Parasagittal interlaminar (PIL) approach could enable higher ventral epidural spread, with fewer complications than TF. OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare the effe...

The reduction in the pain intensity is one of the most important outcome measures in musculoskeletal disorders. The assessment of pain required reliable and valid scale. The aims of this prospective observational study were to develop and evaluate concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of hundred paisa pain scale (HPPS) for measuring musculoskeletal pain. A consecutive 74 patients with...

Introduction: This study aimed to provide initial validation of the Stress Numerical Rating Scale-11 (SNRS-11) The validation is based on 3 different studies: Study A compared the SNRS-11 with the Pain Numerical Rating Scale-11 (PNRS-11), Spielberger’s State Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C-S), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Children’s Somatization Inventory (CSI) in 73 adolescents tha...

ABST RACT Assessment of pain is vital for colic treatment. The purpose of this study was to revalidate a refined version of the behaviour-based Equine Acute Abdominal Pain Scale (EAAPS). Based on an earlier study, behaviours in the scale were removed or replaced. Ten behaviours remained. For revalidation, forty films of horses with colic were presented by computer-generated random order to two ...

Aim: This study aimed to compare the three dyspnea scales (Likert, VAS, and NRS) in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) emergency department (ED). 
 Materials Methods: enrolled 114 prospectively diagnosed AHF ED. We assessed for severity at admission 4th hour. used Likert scale, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating (NRS).
 Results: Sixty-five were women. The mean age of w...

BACKGROUND Poststroke fatigue is a persistent and distressing symptom among stroke survivors. In this study, we investigated the reliability and validity of a vertical numerical rating scale supplemented with a faces rating scale (NRS-FRS) in measuring poststroke fatigue. METHODS The fatigue intensity of 106 individuals with stroke was measured twice, 1 week apart, using a vertical NRS-FRS to...

conclusions both tens and prf lumbar sympathectomy are promising pain relief treatments for painful dnp. however, prf lumbar sympathectomy seems to have a superior efficacy. further studies with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up period are needed. background painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (dpn) is a long-term complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes that majorly impacts qual...

9 based on reducing tissue levels of inflammatory mediators. Thus, the effective debridement of the infected root canal system, combined with incision for drainage and occlusal reduction if indicated, provides predictable pain reduction strategies in endodontic emergency patients. Antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the management of endodontic pain. NSAIDs reduce pain and infl...