Stimulation with diverse agents activates the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) transcription factor, affecting inflammatory and immune responses, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and tumourigenesis. Determining how NF-κB elicits such distinct responses is essential to understanding NF-κB function in diseased tissues. Recent developments illustrating that post-translational modification of NF-...

The N-terminal nuclear export sequence (NES) of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) alpha (IκBα) promotes NF-κB export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, but the physiological role of this export regulation remains unknown. Here we report the derivation and analysis of genetically targeted mice harboring a germline mutation in IκBα NES. Mature B cells in the mutant mice displayed n...

Understanding the regulatory mechanisms for the NF-κB transcription factor is key to control inflammation. IκBα maintains NF-κB in an inactive form in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells, whereas nuclear NF-κB in activated cells is degraded by PDLIM2, a nuclear ubiquitin E3 ligase that belongs to a LIM protein family. How NF-κB activation is negatively controlled, however, is not completely und...

A wide variety of environmental cues, including inflammatory cytokines, ligands for pattern recognition receptors and endogenous danger signals, activate the inducible transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is a central regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. Excessive activation of NF-κB results in the development of severe diseases, such as chronic inflammatory disorder...

Hypoxia, or low oxygen availability, is an important physiological and pathological stimulus for multicellular organisms. Molecularly, hypoxia activates a transcriptional programme directed at restoration of oxygen homoeostasis and cellular survival. In mammalian cells, hypoxia not only activates the HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) family, but also additional transcription factors such as NF-κB ...

The purpose of this research is to see if there a link between diabetes type 2 complications and the level nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) overexpression.
 Ninety blood samples were collected from individuals divided into three groups, each group involved thirty samples: first representing with (hypertensive ) ,the second diabeteswith cardiovascular diseases), last was represented by contro...

objective(s): this study aims to determine the effects of ozone therapy on restoring impaired nrf2 activation to ameliorate chronic tubulointerstitial injury in rats with adenine-induced ckd. materials and methods: sprague–dawley rats were fed with 0.75% adenine-containing diet to induce ckd and chronic tubulointerstitial injury. ozone therapy was administered by rectal insufflation. after 4 we...

Objective(s): This study aims to determine the effects of ozone therapy on restoring impaired Nrf2 activation to ameliorate chronic tubulointerstitial injury in rats with adenine-induced CKD. Materials and Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with 0.75% adenine-containing diet to induce CKD and chronic tubulointerstitial injury. Ozone therapy was administered by rectal insufflation. After 4 we...

Objective(s): Naringin, an essential flavonoid, inhibits inflammatory response and oxidative stress in diabetes. However, whether naringin has beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into male rats (8 weeks old weighting 200-250 g) to establish diabetic model, then naringin (20, 40 or 8...

The medicinal uses of saffron, the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L., have very long history in food coloring agent, and flavoring agent as well as traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Crocus sativus is rich in carotenoids that affect immunity. This review summarizes the putative immunoregulatory effects of saffron and its active its derivatives including crocin, croceti...