The ERK5 signaling cascade acts through sequential activation of MEKK2/3, MEK5 and ERK5 and transmits signals to a variety of stress and mitogenic related targets. In this study we examined the subcellular localization of the components of the ERK5 cascade and found that in resting, as well as in EGF-stimulated HeLa and Rat-1 cells, endogenous ERK5 is localized mainly in the nucleus. This locat...

Based on a Monte Carlo realization of the Dual Parton Model we study the production of target associated particles and of nuclear fragments in high energy hadron–nucleus interactions. A formation zone intranuclear cascade of low energy secondaries inside the target nucleus is discussed. We calculate excitation energies of residual nuclei left after the intranuclear cascade process and treat the...

The graded nuclear location of the transcription factor Dorsal along the dorsoventral axis of the early Drosophila embryo provides positional information for the determination of different cell fates. Nuclear uptake of Dorsal depends on a complex signalling pathway comprising two parts: an extracellular proteolytic cascade transmits the dorsoventral polarity of the egg chamber to the early embr...

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large variety of processes including cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, cell migration, cell survival, differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, and transcription. MEK1/2 catalyze the phosphorylation of human ERK1/...

Recent developments of the Cascade-Exciton Model (CEM) of nuclear reactions to describe high energy particle induced fission are briefly described. The increased accuracy and predictive power of the CEM are shown by several examples. Further necessary work is outlined.