We consider first order modal logic C firstly defined by Carnap in “Meaning and Necessity” [1]. We prove elimination of nested modalities for this logic, which gives additionally the Skolem-Löwenheim theorem for C. We also evaluate the degree of unsolvability for C, by showing that it is exactly 0′. We compare this logic with the logics of Henkin quantifiers, Σ1 logic, and SO. We also shortly d...

in shiite school, imamate is one of the self-evident doctrinal principles, which is on the same level as prophethood. during the history of shiism, many thinkers and intellectuals have considered this principle in philosophical and theological terms. they have comprehensively elaborated on the characteristics of those, who hold this position. thus, the transcendental theosophy, as one of the ma...

Within human trust related behaviour, according to the literature from the domains of Psychology and Social Sciences often non-rational behaviour can be observed. Current trust models that have been developed typically do not incorporate non-rational elements in the trust formation dynamics. In order to enable agents that interact with humans to have a good estimation of human trust, and take t...

A striking feature of the traditional armchair method of philosophy is the use of imaginary examples: for instance, of Gettier cases as counterexamples to the justified true belief analysis of knowledge. The use of such examples is often thought to involve some sort of a priori rational intuition, which crude rationalists regard as a virtue and crude empiricists as a vice. It is argued here tha...

Two questions central to the foundations of game theory are (Samuelson 2002): (i) Why equilibrium? Should we expect Nash equilibrium play (players choosing best response strategies to the choices of others)? (ii) If so, which equilibrium? Which of the many Nash equilibria that arise in most games should we expect? To address the …rst question the classical game theory approach employs assumptio...