The neuropeptide Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF) is essential for normal circadian function in Drosophila. It synchronizes the phases of M pacemakers, while in E pacemakers it decelerates their cycling and supports their amplitude. The PDF receptor (PDF-R) is present in both M and subsets of E cells. Activation of PDF-R stimulates cAMP increases in vitro and in M cells in vivo. The present stud...

The probability distribution functions (PDF) of density of the interstellar medium (ISM) in galactic disks and global star formation rate are discussed. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations show that the PDFs in globally stable, inhomogeneous ISM in galactic disks are well fitted by a single lognormal function over a wide density range. The dispersion of the log-normal PDF (LN-PDF) is lar...

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In this paper, a new generalization of the half-normal distribution which is called the perturbed half-normal distribution is introduced. The new distribution belongs to a family of distributions which includes the half-normal distribution along with an extra parameter to regulate skewness. The probability density function (pdf) is derived and some various properties of the new distribution are...

In this study, we considered an inflationary inventory control model under non-deterministic conditions. We assumed the inflation rate as a normal distribution, with any arbitrary probability density function (pdf). The objective function was to minimize the total discount cost of the inventory system. We used two methods to solve this problem. One was the classic numerical approach which turne...

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The paper introduced a new method based on probability density function (PDF) and phase space diagram method for photoplethysmography (PPG) signal extracting. In the paper, PPG information was generated from human fingertips by smartphones. The pulse wave period was then separated and reconstructed into probability density function (PDF) by the phase space diagram algorithm. The difference betw...

In Drosophila, the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is a likely circadian molecule, secreted by central pacemaker neurons (LNvs). PDF is expressed in both small and large LNvs (sLNvs and lLNvs), and there are striking circadian oscillations of PDF staining intensity in the small cell termini, which require a functional molecular clock. This cycling may be relevant to the proposed ro...

This paper presents a PDF-matched modification to Stone’s measure of predictability. The modified measure of predictability is a measure of non-gaussianity too. It is an extent of signal predictability by two different prediction terms. One prediction term is based on a normal gaussian PDF assumption for signal. In contrast, the other one is based on a unit variance supergaussian PDF assumption...