The Rotterdam Rules, among the international maritime transport conventions, was the first one that assigned one chapter to the obligations and liabilities of the shipper, and invented the new concept of documentary shipper. Since the concept of documentary shipper is invented for the first time in the Rotterdam Rules, in this paper, has been raised the legal status of the documentary shipper a...

Although in most legal systems and even in Islamic countries whose codes are drawn from Sunni jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations is the obligation to means, but in some special cases and according justifiable reasons in accordance with the requirements and the new order ruling the society and regarding to a simultaneous attention to the order and justice, the nature of medical obl...

Although apparently in the Iranian's legal system following the major of Emamyeh's jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations has been introduced as the obligation to results. In most legal systems and even in Islamic countries whose codes are drawn from Sunni jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations is the obligation to means. But in some special cases and according justifiable r...

A treatment contract involves joint obligations for the contracting parties which are normally a patient, a physician or a health center. A precise and detailed determination of the scope of these obligations plays a crucial part in the performance of the contract and specially in securing patients’ rights. This is what the Iranian legislator has failed to address or better to say that on...

A glimpse on the writings that have addressed the relation between the physician and the patient shows that how the physician’s responsibility has appropriated most topics. Whenever the stage before it i.e. the physician’s obligations towards the patient were noticed, the looks have been focusing on the very obligation and its subject that ultimately leads to the responsibility. ...