Power consumption in IP-over-WDM networks has become a major concern, more so due to rapidly evolving data intensive applications. Increasing power consumption also increases the environmental cost (carbon emission). Carbon emissions are the result of power generation using non-renewable (traditional hydrocarbons) energy resources. Usage of non-renewable energy resources (such as hydrocarbons, ...

The intermittent nature of the renewable energies increases the operation costs of conventional generators. As the share of energy supplied by renewable sources increases, these costs also increase. In this paper, we quantify these costs by developing a market clearing price of energy in the presence of renewable energy and congestion constraints. We consider an electricity market where generat...

Nowadays the position of the renewable energy is so important because of the environment pollution and the limitation of fossil fuels in the world. Energy can be generated more and more by the renewable sources, but the fossil fuels are non-renewable. One of the most important renewable sources is the wind energy. The wind energy is an appropriate alternative source of fossil fuel. The replacem...

abstract the aim of this study was to determine the input–output energy consumption in different levels of tomato production. the data used in the study were obtained from 140 tomato growers in different villages of marand township by using a face to face questionnaire. the results showed that the amount of energy consumed in tomato production was 65.2 gjha-1 which about 51% of this was generat...

To reduce the GHG emissions of IP over WDM networks, we introduce renewable energy usage at each network node and design the networks considering the state of renewable energy available at each node location. Results indicate that the designed network can save up to 50% or more non-renewable energy consumption in the example scenarios considered here compared with the design method which simply...

Energy resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable in general. Non renewable energy resources have been exhausted gradually. Renewable energy resources such as wind power, hydropower, geothermal power, solar power and photovoltaic power have importance more than ever before. But, researchers are looking for selections of renewable electricity generation as it is a technological prob...

castor bean (ricinus communis l.( with a capability to withstand harsh conditions, low nutritional needs, 50 percent of oil content and high- quality, is one of the best crop used to produce biodiesel. the first step toward introduction and widespread cultivation of this crop is to investigate the energy balance for its cultivation. to do so, energy input (include renewable and nonrenewable) an...